Introduction (Gray's s68)

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• Joints or Articulations
  • sutural ligament
  • fibrocartilages
  • cartilage
  • capsules
  • synovial membrane
  • ligaments
• Bone
  • articular lamella
• Cartilage
• Hyaline cartilage
  • perichondrium

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• Hyaline cartilage
  • cartilage lacunae
  • capsule of the space
• Articular cartilage, costal cartilage, and temporary cartilage
• Articular cartilage

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• Costal cartilage
• White fibrocartilage
  • Interarticular fibrocartilages (menisci)

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• White fibrocartilage
  • Connecting fibrocartilages
  • Circumferential fibrocartilages
  • Stratiform fibrocartilages
• chondrin
  • chondro-mucoid
• Ligaments
  • white fibrous tissue
  • yellow elastic tissue
• Articular capsules
  • external (stratum fibrosum)
  • internal (stratum synoviale)
  • fibrous capsule
  • synovial membrane

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• Articular capsules
  • synovia
  • Mucous sheaths (vaginae mucosae)
  • Bursae mucosae

development of the joints (Gray's s69)

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• Development of joints

classification of joints (Gray's s70)

Synarthroses (immovable articulations)

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• sutura
  • true suture (sutura vera)
  • sutura dentata
  • sutura serrata
  • sutura limbosa
  • false suture (sutura notha)
  • sutura squamosa
  • sutura harmonia
• Schindylesis
• Gomphosis
• Synchondrosis

Amphiarthroses (slightly movable articulations)

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• symphysis
• syndesmosis

Diarthroses (freely movable articulations)

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• articular disk or meniscus
• Ginglymus or Hinge-joint
• Trochoid or Pivot-joint (articulatio trochoidea; rotary joint)

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• Condyloid articulation (articulatio ellipsoidea)
• Articulation by reciprocal reception (articulatio sellaris; saddle-joint)
• Enarthrosis (ball-and-socket joints)
• Arthrodia (gliding joints)

the kind of movement admitted in joints (Gray's s71)

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• Gliding movement
• Angular movement
• Circumduction

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• Rotation
• Ligamentous Action of Muscles

articulations of the vertebral column (Gray's s72)

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• Articulations of vertebral bodies (intercentral ligaments)
  • Anterior longitudinal ligament (ligamentum longitudinale anterius; anterior common ligament)

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• Articulations of vertebral bodies (intercentral ligaments)
  • Posterior longitudinal ligament (ligamentum longitudinale posterius; posterior common ligament)

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• Articulations of vertebral bodies (intercentral ligaments)
  • Intervertebral fibrocartilages (fibrocartilagines intervertebrales; intervertebral disks)
    • annulus fibrosus
    • nucleus pulposus
• Articulations of Vertebral arches

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• Articulations of Vertebral arches
  • Articular capsules (capsulæ articulares; capsular ligaments)
  • Ligamenta flava (ligamenta subflava)
  • Supraspinal ligament (ligamentum supraspinale; supraspinous ligament)
  • Ligamentum nuchæ

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• Articulations of Vertebral arches
  • Interspinal ligaments (ligamenta interspinalia; interspinous ligaments)
  • Intertransverse ligaments (ligamenta intertransversaria)
• movements permitted in the vertebral column

articulation of the atlas with the epistropheus or axis (Gray's s73)

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• Articulatio atlantoepistrophica
• Articular capsules (capsulæ articulares; capsular ligaments)
  • accessory ligament

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• Anterior atlantoaxial ligament
• Posterior atlantoaxial ligament
• Transverse ligament of the atlas (ligamentum transversum atlantis)

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• Transverse ligament of the atlas (ligamentum transversum atlantis)
  • crus superius
  • crus inferius
  • cruciate ligament of the atlas

articulations of the vertebral column with the cranium (Gray's s74)

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• Articulation of the Atlas with the Occipital Bone (articulatio atlantoöccipitalis)
  • Articular capsules (capsul- articulares; capsular ligaments)
  • Anterior atlantoöccipital membrane (membrana atlantoöccipitalis anterior; anterior atlantoöccipital ligament)

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• Articulation of the Atlas with the Occipital Bone (articulatio atlantoöccipitalis)
  • Posterior atlantoöccipital membrane (membrana atlantoöccipitalis posterior; posterior atlantoöccipital ligament)
  • Lateral ligaments
• Ligaments Connecting the Axis with the Occipital bone
  • Membrana tectoria (occipitoaxial ligament)
  • Alar ligaments (ligamenta alaria; odontoid ligaments)
    • apical odontoid ligament
    • check ligaments

articulation of the mandible (Gray's s75)

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• Articulatio Mandibularis; Temporomandibular articulation
• Articular capsule (capsula articularis; capsular ligament)
• Temporomandibular ligament (ligamentum temporomandibulare; external lateral ligament)
• Sphenomandibular ligament (ligamentum sphenomandibulare; internal lateral ligament)

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• Articular disk (discus articularis; interarticular fibrocartilage; articular meniscus)
• Synovial membranes
• Stylomandibular ligament (ligamentum stylomandibulare); stylomaxillary ligament

costovertebral articulations (Gray's s76)

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• Articulations of the Heads of the Ribs (articulationes capitulorum; costocentral articulations)
  • Articular capsule (capsula articularis; capsular ligament)
  • Radiate ligament (ligamentum capituli costæ radiatum; anterior costovertebral or stellate ligament)

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• Articulations of the Heads of the Ribs (articulationes capitulorum; costocentral articulations)
  • Interarticular ligament (ligamentum capituli costæ interarticulare)
    • ligamentum conjugale
  • Synovial membranes
• Costotransverse articulations (articulationes costotransversariæ)

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• Costotransverse articulations (articulationes costotransversariæ)
  • Articular capsule (capsula articularis; capsular ligament)
  • Anterior costotransverse ligament (ligamentum costotransversarium anterius; anterior superior ligament)
  • lumbocostal ligament
  • Posterior costotransverse ligament (ligamentum costotransversarium posterius)

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• Costotransverse articulations (articulationes costotransversariæ)
  • Ligament of the neck of the rib (ligamentum colli costæ middle costotransverse or interosseous ligament)
  • Ligament of the tubercle of the rib (ligamentum tuberculi costæ posterior costotransverse ligament)

sternocostal articulations (Gray's s77)

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• ligaments
  • Articular capsules (capsulæ articulares; capsular ligaments)
  • Radiate sternocostal ligaments (ligamenta sternocostalia radiata; chondrosternal or sternocostal ligaments)
    • superior fasciculi
    • inferior fasciculi
    • middle fasciculi

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• ligaments
  • Radiate sternocostal ligaments (ligamenta sternocostalia radiata; chondrosternal or sternocostal ligaments)
    • membrana sterni
  • Interarticular sternocostal ligament (ligamentum sternocostale interarticulare; interarticular chondrosternal ligament)

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• ligaments
  • Costoxiphoid ligaments (ligamenta costoxiphoidea; chondroxiphoid ligaments)
• Interchondral articulations (articulationes interchondrales; articulations of the cartilages of the ribs with each other)
• Costochondral articulations

articulation of the manubrium and body of the sternum (Gray's s78)

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• anterior and posterior intersternal ligaments
• Mechanism of the Thorax

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• Vertebrosternal ribs

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• Vertebrochondral ribs
• Vertebral ribs

articulation of the vertebral column with the pelvis (Gray's s79)

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• Iliolumbar ligament (ligamentum iliolumbale)

articulations of the pelvis (Gray's s80)

Sacroiliac articulation

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• Sacroiliac articulation (articulatio sacroiliaca)

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• Anterior sacroiliac ligament (ligamentum sacroiliacum anterius)
• Posterior sacroiliac ligament (ligamentum sacroiliacum posterius)

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• short posterior sacroiliac ligament
• long posterior sacroiliac ligament
• Interosseous sacroiliac ligament (ligamentum sacroiliacum interosseum)

Ligaments Connecting the Sacrum and Ischium

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• Sacrotuberous ligament (ligamentum sacrotuberosum; great or posterior sacrosciatic ligament)
  • falciform process
• Sacrospinous ligament (ligamentum sacrospinosum; small or anterior sacrosciatic ligament)
• greater sciatic foramen
• lesser sciatic foramen

Sacrococcygeal symphysis (symphysis sacrococcygea; articulation of the sacrum and coccyx)

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• Anterior sacrococcygeal ligament (ligamentum sacrococcygeum anterius)
• Posterior sacrococcygeal ligament (ligamentum sacrococcygeum posterius)

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• Lateral sacrococcygeal ligament (ligamentum sacrococcygeum laterale; intertransverse ligament)
  • fibrocartilage
• Interarticular ligaments

Pubic symphysis (symphysis ossium pubis; articulation of the pubic bones)

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• Anterior pubic ligament
• Posterior pubic ligament
• Superior pubic ligament (ligamentum pubicum superius)
• Arcuate pubic ligament (ligamentum arcuatum pubis; inferior pubic or subpubic ligament)

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• Interpubic fibrocartilaginous lamina (lamina fibrocartilaginea interpubica; interpubic disk)

articulations of the upper extremity

sternoclavicular articulation (Gray's s81)

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• Articular capsule (capsula articularis; capsular ligament)
• Anterior sternoclavicular ligament (ligamentum sternoclaviculare anterior)
• Posterior sternoclavicular ligament (ligamentum sternoclaviculare posterius)

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• Interclavicular ligament (ligamentum interclaviculare)
• Costoclavicular ligament (ligamentum costoclaviculare; rhomboid ligament)
• Articular disk (discus articularis)

acromioclavicular articulation (Gray's s82)

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• Acromioclavicular articulation
• Articulatio Acromioclavicularis; Scapuloclavicular articulation
• Superior acromioclavicular ligament (ligamentum acromioclaviculare)
• Inferior acromioclavicular ligament
• Articular disk (discus articularis)
• Coracoclavicular ligament (ligamentum coracoclaviculare)
• Trapezoid ligament (ligamentum trapezoideum)
• Conoid ligament (ligamentum conoideum)

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• Coracoacromial ligament (ligamentum coracoaromiale)

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• Superior transverse ligament (ligamentum transversum scapulæ superius; transverse ligament or suprascapular ligament)
• Inferior transverse ligament (ligamentum transversum scapulæ inferius; spinoglenoid ligament)

humeral articulation or shoulder-joint (Gray's s83)

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• Articular capsule (capsula articularis; capsular ligament)

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• Coracohumeral ligament (ligamentum coracohumerale)
• Glenohumeral ligaments

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• Transverse humeral ligament
• Glenoidal labrum (labrium glenoidale; glenoid ligament)

elbow-joint (Gray's s84)

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• Articulatio cubiti
• Anterior ligament

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• Posterior ligament
• Ulnar collateral ligament (ligamentum collaterale ulnare; internal lateral ligament)
• Radial collateral ligament (ligamentum collaterale radiale; external lateral ligament)

radioulnar articulation (Gray's s85)

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• Proximal radioulnar articulation (articulatio radioulnaris proximalis; superior radioulnar joint)
  • Annular ligament (ligamentum annulare radii; orbicular ligament)
    • quadrate ligament

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• Proximal radioulnar articulation (articulatio radioulnaris proximalis; superior radioulnar joint)
  • Oblique cord (chorda obliqua; oblique ligament)
  • Interosseous membrane (membrana interossea antebrachii)
• Distal radioulnar articulation (articulatio radioulnaris distalis; inferior radioulnar joint)
  • Volar radioulnar ligament (anterior radioulnar ligament)
  • Dorsal radioulnar ligament (posterior radioulnar ligament)
  • Articular disk (discus articularis; triangular fibrocartilage)

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• Distal radioulnar articulation (articulatio radioulnaris distalis; inferior radioulnar joint)
  • recessus sacciformis

radiocarpal articulation or wrist-joint (Gray's s86)

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• Articulatio radiocarpea
• receiving cavity
• condyle
• Volar radiocarpal ligament (ligamentum radiocarpeum volare; anterior ligament)

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• Dorsal radiocarpal ligament (ligamentum radiocarpeum dorsale; posterior ligament)
• Ulnar collateral ligament (ligamentum collaterale carpi ulnare; internal lateral ligament)
• Radial collateral ligament (ligamentum collaterale carpi radiale; external lateral ligament)

intercarpal articulations (Gray's s87)

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• Articulations of the Proximal Row of Carpal Bones
  • Dorsal ligaments (ligamenta intercarpea dorsalia)
  • Volar ligaments (ligamenta intercarpea volaria; palmar ligaments)
  • Interosseous ligaments (ligamenta intercarpea interossea)

Gray's