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This is a list of roots, suffixes, and prefixes used in medical terminology, their meanings, and their etymology. A few rules should be noted when using medical roots. Firstly, prefixes and suffixes, primarily in Greek -- but also in Latin, have a droppable -o-. As a general rule, this -o- almost always acts as a joint-stem to connect two consonantal roots, e.g. arthr- + -o- + logy = arthrology. But generally, the -o- is dropped when connecting to a vowel-stem; e.g. arthr- + itis = arthritis, instead of arthr-o-itis. Secondly, medical roots generally go together according to language: Greek prefixes go with Greek suffixes and Latin prefixes with Latin suffixes. Although it is technically considered acceptable to create hybrid words, it is strongly preferred to not mix different lingual roots.

Prefixes and suffixes

The following is an alphabetical list of medical prefixes and suffixes, along with their meaning, origin, and an English example.

A

Prefix/suffix	Meaning	Origin language and etymology	Example(s)
a-, an-	Denotes an absence of	Ancient Greek „-/-“- (a-/an-), without, not	Apathy
ab-	away from	Latin	Abduction
abdomin(o)-	Of or relating to the Abdomen	Latin (abd-men), abdomen, fat around the belly	Abdomen
-ac	pertaining to	Greek -akos	cardiac
acanth(o)-	thorn or spine	Ancient Greek (akantha), thorn	acanthocyte
acous(o)-	Of or relating to hearing
acr(o)-	extremity, topmost
-acusis	hearing	Greek
-ad	toward, in the direction of		dorsad
ad-	increase, adherence, motion toward, very		Adduction
aden(o)-, aden(i)-	Of or relating to a gland	Ancient Greek -, -- (ad-n, aden-), an acorn; a gland	Adenology
adip(o)-	Of or relating to fat or fatty tissue	Latin (adeps, adip-), fat	Adipocyte
adren(o)-	Of or relating to adrenal glands		adrenal artery
-aemia (BrE)	blood condition	Greek -, without blood	Anaemia
aer(o)-	air, gas		Aerosinusitis
aesthesio- (BrE)	sensation
-al	pertaining to	Latin -alis	abdominal
alb-	Denoting a white or pale color	Latin (albus), white	Albino
alge(si)-	pain		Analgesic
-algia	pain		Myalgia
alg(i)o-	pain		Myalgia
allo-	Denoting something as different, or as an addition	Ancient Greek -- (allos), another, other	Alloantigen, allopathy
ambi-	Denoting something as positioned on both sides; Describing both of two	Latin (ambi-, ambo), both, on both sides	Ambidextrous
amnio-	Pertaining to the membraneous fetal sac (amnion)		Amniocentesis
an-	not, without	Greek	Analgesia
an(o)	anus
andr(o)-	pertaining to a man		Andrology, android
angi(o)-	blood vessel		Angiogram
aniso-	Describing something as unequal	Ancient Greek (an-sos), unequal	Anisotropic
ankyl(o)-, ancyl(o)-	Denoting something as crooked or bent	Ancient Greek - (ankýlos), crooked, curved	Ankylosis
ante-	Describing something as positioned in front of another thing	Latin („nt“), before, in front of	antepartum
anti-	Describing something as 'against' or 'opposed to' another	Ancient Greek - (anti), against	Antibody, antipsychotic
apo-	separated from, derived from	Ancient Greek	Apoptosis
arteri(o)-	Of or pertaining to an artery	Ancient Greek - (art-ría), a wind-pipe, artery (used distinctly versus a vein)	Artery, Arteriology
arthr(o)-	Of or pertaining to the joints, limbs	Ancient Greek (arthros), a joint, limb	Arthritis
articul(o)-	joint		Articulation
-ary	pertaining to	Latin	bilary tract
-ase	enzyme		Lactase
-asthenia	weakness		Myasthenia gravis
-ation	process	Latin
aur(i)-	Of or pertaining to the ear	Latin (auris), the ear	Aural
aut(o)-	self, same		Autoimmune
axill-	Of or pertaining to the armpit [uncommon as a prefix]	Latin (axilla), armpit	Axilla

B

Prefix/suffix	Meaning	Origin language and etymology	Example(s)
bi-	twice, double
bio-	life		Biology
blast(o)-	germ or bud		Blastomere
blephar(o)-	Of or pertaining to the eyelid	Ancient Greek -- (blépharon), eyelid	Blepharoplast
brachi(o)-	Of or relating to the arm	Latin (brachium) < Ancient Greek - (brachi-n), arm	Brachium
brachy-	Indicating something as 'short' or less commonly 'little'	Ancient Greek (brachys), short; little, shallow	brachycephalic
brady-	Indicating something as 'slow'	Ancient Greek (bradys), slow	Bradycardia
bronch(i)-	bronchus		Bronchiolitis obliterans
bucc(o)-	Of or pertaining to the cheek	Latin (bucca), cheek	Buccolabial
burs(o)-	bursa		Bursitis

C

Prefix/suffix	Meaning	Origin language and etymology	Example(s)
capill-	Of or pertaining to hair	Latin (capillus), hair	Capillus
capit-	Pertaining to the head (as a whole)	Latin (caput, capit-), the head	Capitation
carcin(o)-	cancer		Carcinoma
cardi(o)-	Of or pertaining to the heart	Ancient Greek (kardía), heart	Cardiology
carp(o)-	Of or pertaining to the wrist.	Latin (carpus) < Ancient Greek (karpós), wrist; NOTE: This root need not be confused with the mirror root carp(o)- meaning fruit.	Carpopedal
cata-	down	Greek (kata)	Cataract
-cele	pouching, hernia		Hydrocele
-centesis	surgical puncture for aspiration		Amniocentesis
cephal(o)-	Of or pertaining to the head (as a whole)	Ancient Greek (képhal-), the head	Cephalalgy
cerat(o)-	Of or pertaining to the cornu; a horn	Ancient Greek --, --- (kéras, kerat-), a horn	Ceratoid
cerebell(o)-	Of or pertaining to the cerebellum	Latin (cerebellum), little brain	Cerebellum
cerebr(o)-	Of or pertaining to the brain	Latin (cerebrum), brain	Cerebrology
cervic-	Of or pertaining to the neck, the cervix	Latin (cervix, cerv-c-), neck, cervix	Cervicodorsal
chem(o)-	chemistry, drug		Chemotherapy
chir(o)-, cheir(o)-	Of or pertaining to the hand	Ancient Greek -, --- (cheir, cheiro-), hand	Chiropractor
chlor(o)-	Denoting a green color	Ancient Greek (chloros), green, yellow-green	Chlorophyll
chol(e)-	Of or pertaining to bile	Ancient Greek - (chol-), bile	Cholaemia
cholecyst(o)-	Of or pertaining to the gallbladder	Ancient Greek - (chol-kýstis), gallbladder < - (chol-), bile, gall + (kýstis), bladder	Cholecystectomy
chondr(i)o-	cartilage, gristle, granule, granular		Chondrocalcinosis
chrom(ato)-	color	Greek	Hemachromatosis
-cidal, -cide	killing, destroying
cili-	Of or pertaining to the cilia, the eyelashes; eyelids	< Latin (cilium), eyelash; eyelid	Ciliary
circum-	Denoting something as 'around' another	Latin (circum), around	Circumcision
cis-	on this side	Latin (cis)
clast	break	Greek
co-	with, together, in association	Latin
col-, colo-, colono-	colon		Colonoscopy
colp(o)-	Of or pertaining to the vagina	Ancient Greek (kólpos), bosom, womb; hollow, depth	Colposcopy
com-	with, together	Latin
contra	against	Latin	Contraindicate
cor-	with, together	Latin
cor-, core-, coro-	Of or pertaining to eye's pupil	Ancient Greek - (kór-), girl, doll; pupil of the eye	Corectomy
cordi-	Of or pertaining to the heart [Uncommon as a prefix]	Latin (cor, cordi-), heart	Commotio cordis
cornu-	Applied to processes and parts of the body describing them likened or similar to horns	Latin (corn-), horn
cost(o)-	Of or pertaining to the ribs	Latin (costa), rib	Costochondral
cox-	Of or relating to the hip, haunch, or hip-joint	Latin (coxa), hip	Coxopodite
crani(o)-	Belonging or relating to the cranium	Latin (cranium) < Ancient Greek - (kr-nion), the cranium, skull, bones enclosing the brain	Craniology
-crine	to secrete		Endocrine
cry(o)-	cold		Cryoablation
cutane-	skin		Subcutaneous
cyan(o)-	Denotes a blue color	Ancient Greek , - (kýanos, kyáneos), blue	Cyanopsia
cycl-	circle, cycle	Greek (kuklos)
cyph(o)-	Denotes something as bent [uncommon as a prefix]	Ancient Greek -- (k-phós), bent, hunchback	Cyphosis
cyst(o)-, cyst(i)-	Of or pertaining to the urinary bladder	Ancient Greek (kýstis), bladder; cyst	Cystotomy
cyt(o)-	cell	Greek	Cytokine
-cyte	cell	Greek	Leukocyte

D

Prefix/suffix	Meaning	Origin language and etymology	Example(s)
dacrio-	tear	Greek
dactyl(o)-	Of or pertaining to a finger, toe	Ancient Greek -- (dáktylos), finger, toe	Dactylology
de-	away from, cessation	Latin de-
dent-	Of or pertaining to teeth	Latin (dens, dentis), tooth	Dentist
dermat(o)-, derm(o)-	Of or pertaining to the skin	Ancient Greek --, - (dérma, démat-), skin, human skin	Dermatology
-desis	binding	Greek (desis)	arthrodesis
dextr(o)-	right, on the right side	Latin dexter	Dextrocardia
di-	two	Greek
di-	apart, separation	Latin
dia-	(same as Greek meaning)	Ancient Greek (diá), through, during, across	Diacetyl
dif-	apart, separation	Latin
digit-	Of or pertaining to the finger [rare as a root]	Latin (digitus), finger, toe	Digit
dis-	separation, taking apart	Latin dis-	Dissection
dors(o)-, dors(i)-	Of or pertaining to the back	Latin (dorsum), back	Dorsal, Dorsocephalad
duodeno-	duodenum - upper part of the small intestine, connects to the stomach	Latin duodeni	Duodenal atresia
dynam(o)-	force, energy, power	Greek - (dunamis)
-dynia	pain
dys-	bad, difficult	Greek -	Dysphagia, dysphasia

E

Prefix/suffix	Meaning	Origin language and etymology	Example(s)
-eal	pertaining to	Latin
ec-	out, away	Greek (ek-)
ect(o)-	outer, outside	Greek	Ectopic pregnancy
-ectasis	expansion, dilation	Ancient Greek
-ectomy	Denotes a surgical operation or removal of a body part	Ancient Greek (ectom-), excision	Mastectomy
-emesis	vomiting condition
-emia	blood condition (AmE)	Greek -, without blood	Anemia
encephal(o)-	Of or pertaining to the brain	Ancient Greek (enképhalos), the brain	Encephalogram
endo-	Denotes something as 'inside' or 'within'	Ancient Greek -- (endo-), inside, internal	Endocrinology, Endospore
enter(o)-	Of or pertaining to the intestine	Ancient Greek - (énteron), intestine	Gastroenterology
epi-	[Same as Greek meaning]	Ancient Greek - (epi-), before, upon, on, outside, outside of	Epistaxis
episi(o)-	Of or pertaining to the pubic region, the loins	Ancient Greek -- (epísion), the pubic area, loins; vulva	Episiotomy
erythr(o)-	Denotes a red color	Ancient Greek - (erythros), red	Erythrocyte
-esophageal, -esophago	gullet (AmE)
esthesio-	sensation (AmE)	Greek
eu-	good, well	Greek	Eukaryote
ex-	out of, away from	Latin
exo-	Denotes something as 'outside' another	Ancient Greek - (exo-), outside of, external	Exoskeleton
extra-	outside	Latin

F

Prefix/suffix	Meaning	Origin language and etymology	Example(s)
faci(o)-	Of or pertaining to the face	Latin (faci-s), the face, countenance	Facioplegic
fibr(o)	fiber		Fibroblast
filli-	fine, hair like
-form, -iform	Used to form adjectives indicating 'having the form of'	Latin (forma), form, shape	Cuneiform
front-	Of or pertaining to the forehead	Latin (fr-ns, front-), the forehead	Frontonasal

G

Prefix/suffix	Meaning	Origin language and etymology	Example(s)
galact(o)-	milk		Galactorrhea
gastr(o)-	Of or pertaining to the stomach	Ancient Greek (gast-r), stomach, belly	Gastric bypass
-gen	(1) Denotes the sense 'born in, from' (2) Denotes the sense 'of a certain kind'	Ancient Greek --- (-gen-s) < --- (gen-náein), to be born	(1) Endogen; (2) Heterogenous
-genic	Formation		Cardiogenic shock
genu-	Of or pertaining to the knee	Latin (gen-), knee	Genu valgum
gingiv-	Of or pertaining to the gums	Latin (ging-va), gum	Gingivitis
glauc(o)-	Denoting a grey, bluish-grey color	Ancient Greek - (glaúkos), grey, bluish-grey	Glaucoma
gloss(o)-, glott(o)-	Of or pertaining to the tongue	Ancient Greek , (gl-ssa, gl-tta), tongue	Glossology
gluco-	glucose		Glucocorticoid
glyco-	sugar		Glycolysis
gnath(o)-	Of or pertaining to the jaw	Ancient Greek (gnáthos), jaw	Gnathodynamometer
gon(o)-	seed, semen; also, reproductive	Ancient Greek	Gonorrhea
-gram	record or picture		Angiogram
-graph	record or picture	Ancient Greek - (-graphía), written, drawn, graphic interpretation	Electrocardiograph
-graphy	process of recording		Angiography
gyn(aec)o- (BrE), gyn(ec)o- (AmE)	woman		Gynecomastia

H

Prefix/suffix	Meaning	Origin language and etymology	Example(s)]][[Media
halluc-	to wander in mind	Classical Latin to wander in mind	Hallucinosis
hemat-, haemato- (haem-, hem-)	Of or pertaining to blood	Latin (hæma) < Ancient Greek -, --- (haima, haimat-), blood	Hematology, older form Haematology
hema or hemo-	blood (AmE)		Hematological malignancy
hemi-	one-half	Ancient Greek - (h-mi-), "half"	Cerebral hemisphere
hepat- (hepatic-)	Of or pertaining to the liver	Ancient Greek -, --- (h-par, h-pato-), the liver	Hepatology
heter(o)-	Denotes something as 'the other' (of two), as an addition, or different	Ancient Greek (héteros), the other (of two), another; different	Heterogeneous
hidr(o)-	sweat	Greek	Hyperhidrosis
hist(o)-, histio-	tissue		Histology
home(o)-	similar	Ancient Greek (homoios)	Homeopathy
hom(o)-	Denotes something as 'the same' as another or common	Ancient Greek - (homo-), the same, common	Homosexuality
humer(o)-	Of or pertaining to the shoulder (or [rarely] the upper arm)	Incorrect Etymology < Latin (umerus), shoulder	Humerus
hydr(o)-	water	Greek	Hydrophobe
hyper-	Denotes something as 'extreme' or 'beyond normal'	Ancient Greek - (hyper), over, above; beyond, to the extreme	Hypertension
hyp(o)-	Denotes something as 'below normal'	Ancient Greek „-(“)- (hypo-), below, under	Hypovolemia,
hyster(o)-	Of or pertaining to the womb, the uterus	Ancient Greek (hystéra), womb	Hysterectomy

I

Prefix/suffix	Meaning	Origin language and etymology	Example(s)
-ia(sis)	condition		Mydriasis
iatr(o)-	Of or pertaining to medicine, or a physican [uncommon as a prefix; common as as suffix, see -iatry]	Ancient Greek (i-trós), healer, physician	Iatrochemistry
-iatry	Denotes a field in medicine of a certain body component	Ancient Greek (i-trós), healer, physician	Podiatry, Psychiatry
-ic	pertaining to	Greek (-ikos)	Hepatic artery
-icle	small		Ovarian follicle
-ics	organized knowledge, treatment
idio-	self, one's own	Greek --, idios, "one's own"	Idiopathic
ileo-	ileum		Ileocecal valve
infra-	below	Latin	Infrahyoid muscles
inter-	between, among	Latin	Interarticular ligament
intra-	within	Latin	Intracranial hemorrhage
irid(o)-	iris		Iridectomy
ischio-	Of or pertaining to the ischium, the hip-joint	Ancient Greek (ischión), hip-joint, ischium	Ischiorrhogic
-ism	condition, disease		Dwarfism
-ismus	spasm, contraction
iso-	Denoting something as being 'equal'	Ancient Greek - (ísos), equal	Isotonic
-ist	one who specializes in	Greek (-istes)	Pathologist
-ite	the nature of, resembling		Hermaphrodite
-itis	inflammation		Tonsillitis
-ium	structure, tissue		pericardium

K

Prefix/suffix	Meaning	Origin language and etymology	Example(s)
karyo-	nucleus	Greek , "nut"	Eukaryote
kerat(o)-	cornea (eye or skin)		Keratoscope
kin(e)-, kin(o), kinesi(o)-	movement	Greek	Kinesthesia
kyph(o)-	humped		Kyphoscoliosis

L

Prefix/suffix	Meaning	Origin language and etymology	Example(s)
labi(o)-	Of or pertaining to the lip	Latin (labium), lip	Labiodental
lacrim(o)-	tear		Lacrimal canaliculi
lact(i)-, lact(o)	milk		Lactation
lapar(o)-	Of or pertaining to the abdomen-wall, flank	Ancient Greek (lapár-), flank	Laparotomy
laryng(o)-	Of or pertaining to the larynx, the lower throat cavity where the voice box is	Ancient Greek , - (lárynx, laryng-), throat, gullet	Larynx
latero-	lateral		Lateral pectoral nerve
lei(o)-	smooth		Leiomyoma
-lepsis, -lepsy	attack, seizure		Epilepsy, nacrolepsy
lept(o)-	light, slender	Greek (leptos)
leuc(o)-, leuk(o)-	Denoting a white color	Ancient Greek (leukos), white, bright	Leukocyte
lingu(a)-, lingu(o)-	Of or pertaining to the tongue	Latin (lingua), tongue	Linguistics
lip(o)-	fat		Liposuction
lith(o)-	stone, calculus		Lithotripsy
log(o)-	speech
-logist	Denotes someone who studies a certain field: -logy	Ancient Greek -- (logist-s), studier, practitioner	Oncologist, pathologist
-logy	Denotes the academic study or practice of a certain field	Ancient Greek o- (logos) study	hematology, urology
lymph(o)-	lymph		Lymphedema
lys(o)-, -lytic	dissolution		Lysosome
-lysis	Destruction		Paralysis

M

Prefix/suffix	Meaning	Origin language and etymology	Example(s)
macr(o)-	large, long		Macrophage
-malacia	softening		Osteomalacia
mamm(o)-	Of or pertaining to the breast	Latin (mamma), breast; udder	Mammogram
manu-	Of or pertaining to the hand	Latin (manus), hand	Manufacture
mast(o)-	Of or pertaining to the breast	Ancient Greek (mastós), breast, women's breast; man's pectoral muscle	Mastectomy
meg(a)-, megal(o)-, megaly	enlargement		Splenomegaly
melan(o)-	Denoting a black color	Ancient Greek --, - (melas, melano-), black; dark	Melanin
mening(o)-	meninges		Meningitis
mes(o)-	middle	Ancient Greek -- (mesos), "middle"	Mesoderm
meta-	after, behind		Metacarpus
-meter	measurement		Sphygmomanometer
-metry	process of measuring		Optometry
metr(o)-	Pertaining to conditions or instruments of the uterus	Ancient Greek -- (m„tr“), womb, uterus	Metrorrhagia
micro-	denoting something as small, or relating to smallness	Ancient Greek (mikros), small	Microscope
mon(o)-	single		Infectious mononucleosis
morph(o)-	form, shape		Morphology
muscul(o)-	muscle		Musculoskeletal system
my(o)-	Of or relating to muscle	Ancient Greek , --- (mys, my-), muscle; mouse; mussel	Myoblast
myc(o)-	fungus		Onychomycosis
myel(o)-	Of or relating to bone marrow	Ancient Greek (myelon), marrow; bone-marrow	Myeloblast
myring(o)-	eardrum		Myringotomy
myx(o)-	mucus		Myxoma

N

Prefix/suffix	Meaning	Origin language and etymology	Example(s)
nas(o)-	Of or pertaining to the nose	Latin (n-sum), nose	nasal
necr(o)-	death		Necrotizing fasciitis
neo-	new		Neoplasm
nephr(o)-	Of or pertaining to the kidney	Ancient Greek (nephrós), kidney	Nephrology
nerv-	Of or pertaining to nerves and the nervous system [Uncommon as a root: neuro- mostly always used]	Latin (nervus), tendon; nerve; Cognate with the Greek (neuron) (see below)	Nerve
neur(i)-, neur(o)-	Of or pertaining to nerves and the nervous system	Ancient Greek (neuron), tendon, sinew; nerve	Neurofibromatosis
normo-	normal		Normocapnia

O

Prefix/suffix	Meaning	Origin language and etymology	Example(s)
ocul(o)-	Of or pertaining to the eye	Latin (oculus), the eye	Oculist
odont(o)-	Of or pertaining to teeth	Ancient Greek --, --- (odoús, odont-), tooth	orthodontist
odyn(o)-	pain		stomatodynia
-oesophageal, oesophago- (BrE)	gullet
-oid	resemblance to		Sarcoidosis
ole	small or little
olig(o)-	Denoting something as 'having little, having few'	Ancient Greek (oligos), few	Oligotrophy
om(o)-	Of or pertaining to the shoulder	Ancient Greek - (-mos), shoulder	Omoplate
-oma (singular), -omata (plural)	tumor		Sarcoma, Teratoma
omphal(o)-	Of or pertaining to the navel, the umbilicus	Ancient Greek - (omphalós), navel, belly-button	Omphalotomy
onco-	tumor, bulk, volume		Oncology
onych(o)-	Of or pertaining to the nail (of a finger or toe)	Ancient Greek < -, --- (ónyx, ónycho-), nail; claw; talon	Onychophagy
oo-	Of or pertaining to the an egg, a woman's egg, the ovum	Ancient Greek , --- (-ón, -o-), egg, ovum	Oogenesis
oophor(o)-	Of or pertaining to the woman's ovary	Ancient Greek (-phóron), ovary, egg-bearing	Oophorectomy
ophthalm(o)-	Of or pertaining to the eye	Ancient Greek -- (ophthalmós), the eye	Ophthalmology
optic(o)-	Of or relating to chemical properties of the eye	Middle French (optique) < Greek - (optikós); Cognate with Latin oculus, relating to the eye	Opticochemical
or(o)-	Of or pertaining to the mouth	Latin (-s, or-), mouth	Oral
orchi(o)-, orchido-	testis	Greek (orkhis, orkhi-)	Orchiectomy, Orchidectomy
orth(o)-	Denoting something as straight or correct	Ancient Greek -- (orthos), straight, correct, normal	Orthodontist
-osis	a condition, disease or increase		Harlequin type ichthyosis
osseo-	bony
ossi-	bone		Peripheral ossifying fibroma
ost(e)-, oste(o)-	bone		Osteoporosis
ot(o)-	Of or pertaining to the ear	Ancient Greek , --- (ous, -t-), the ear	Otopathy
-ous	pertaining to
ovari(o)-	Of or pertaining to the ovaries	Latin (-varium), ovary	Ovariectomy
ovo-, ovi-, ov-	Of or pertaining to the eggs, the ovum	Latin (-vum), egg, ovum	Ovogenesis
oxo-	addition of oxygen
oxy-	sharp, acid, acute, oxygen

P

Prefix/suffix	Meaning	Origin language and etymology	Example(s)
pachy-	thick		pachyderma
palpebr-	Of or pertaining to the eyelid [uncommon as a root]	Latin (palpebra), eyelid	Palpebra
pan-, pant(o)-	Denoting something as 'complete' or containing 'everything'	Ancient Greek , - (pas, pan-), all, every	panophobia, panopticon
papill-	Of or pertaining to the nipple (of the chest/breast)	Latin (papilla), nipple; dimunitive of papula (see below)	Papillitis
papul(o)-	Indicates papulosity, a small elevation or swelling in the skin, a pimple, swelling	Latin (papula), pimple, pustle; a small elevation or swelling in the skin	Papulation
para-	alongside of, abnormal	Ancient Greek
-paresis	slight paralysis		hemiparesis
path(o)-	disease		Pathology
-pathy	Denotes (with a negative sense) a disease, or disorder	Ancient Greek -- (pathos), suffering, accident	sociopathy, neuropathy
ped-, -ped-, -pes	Of or pertaining to the foot; -footed	Latin (p-s, p-d-), foot	Pedoscope
pelv(i)-, pelv(o)-	hip bone		Pelvis
-penia	deficiency		osteopenia
peo-	Of or pertaining to the penis	Greek (peos)	Peotomy
-pepsia	Denotes something relating to digestion, or the digestive tract.	Ancient Greek (peptós) cooked, digested < -- (péss-) I boil, cook; digest	Dyspepsia
per-	through
peri-	Denoting something with a position 'surrounding' or 'around' another	Ancient Greek -- (peri-), around	Periodontal
-pexy	fixation		Cataplexy
phaco-	lens-shaped
-phage, -phagia	Forms terms denoting conditions relating to eating or ingestion	Ancient Greek -- (phagía) eating < (phagein) to eat	Sarcophagia
phago-	eating, devouring		phagocyte
-phagist:	Forms nouns that denote a person who 'feeds on' the first element or part of the word	Ancient Greek -- (phagist-s) eater; see -phagia	Lotophagis
-phagy	Forms nouns that denotes 'feeding on' the first element or part of the word	Ancient Greek -- (phagia) eating; see -phagia	Anthropophagy
phallo-	phallus	Greek (phallos)	Aphallia
pharmaco-	drug, medication		pharmacology
pharyng(o)-	Of or pertaining to the pharynx, the upper throat cavity	Ancient Greek , - (phárynx, pháryng-), throat, windpipe; chasm	Pharyngitis, Pharyngoscopy
-phil(ia)	attraction for		Hemophilia
phleb(o)-	Of or pertaining to the (blood) veins, a vein	Ancient Greek -, -- (phleps, phlebo-), blood-vessel, vein	Phlebography, Phlebotomy
phob(o)-	exaggerated fear, sensitivity		arachnophobia
phon(o)-	sound
phos-	Of or pertaining to light or its chemical properties, now historic and used rarely. See the common root phot(o)- below.	Ancient Greek -, -- (ph-s, ph-t-), light	Phosphene
phot(o)-	Of or pertaining to light	Ancient Greek -, -- (ph-s, ph-t-), light	Photopathy
phren(i)-, phren(o)-, phrenico	diaphragm		Phrenic nerve
-plasia	formation, development		Achondroplasia
-plasty	surgical repair, reconstruction		rhinoplasty
-plegia	paralysis		paraplegia
pleur(o)-, pleur(a)	Of or pertaining to the ribs	Latin (pleura) < Ancient Greek - (pleurón), rib, side of the body	Pleurogenous
pneum(o)-	Of or pertaining to the lungs	Ancient Greek -, -- (pneum-n, pneumon-), lung < (pneuma), wind, spirit	Pneumonocyte, Pneumonia
pneumat(o)-	air, lung
pod-, -pod-, -pus	Of or pertaining to the foot, -footed	Ancient Greek -, - (poús, pod-), foot	Podiatry
-poiesis	production		hematopoiesis
polio-	Denoting a grey color	Ancient Greek (poliós), grey	Poliomyelitis
poly-	Denotes a 'plurality' of something	Ancient Greek -- (polys), much, many	Polymyositis
por(o)-	pore, porous
porphyr(o)-	Denotes a purple color	Ancient Greek - (porphýra), purple	Porphyroblast
post-	Denotes something as 'after' or 'behind' another	Latin (post), after, behind	Postoperation, Postmortem
pre-	Denotes something as 'before' another (in [physical] position or time)	Medieval Latin (pre-) < (Classical) Latin (præ), before, in front of	Prematurity
presby(o)-	old age		Presbyopia
prim-	Denotes something as 'first' or 'most-important'	Latin (pr-mus), first, most important	Primary
pro-	Denotes something as 'before' another (in [physical] position or time)	Ancient Greek (pro), before, in front of	Procephalic
proct(o)-	anus, rectum		proctology
prot(o)-	Denotes something as 'first' or 'most-important'	Ancient Greek (pr-tos), first; principle, most important	Protoneuron
psych(e)-, psych(o)	Of or pertaining to the mind	Ancient Greek - (psyché), breath, life, soul	Psychology, Psychiatry
-ptosis	falling, downward placement, prolapse		Apoptosis
-ptysis	(a spitting), spitting, hemoptysis, the spitting of blood derivied from the lungs or bronchial tubes
pulmon-, pulmo-	Of or relating to the lungs.	Latin (pulmo, pulm-n-, usually used in plural), a lung	pulmonary
pyel(o)-	pelvis	Ancient Greek (pyelos)	Pyelonephritis
pyo-	pus
pyro-	fever		Antipyretic

Q

Prefix/suffix	Meaning	Origin language and etymology	Example(s)
quadr(i)-	four		quadriceps

R

Prefix/suffix	Meaning	Origin language and etymology	Example(s)
rachi(o)-	spine
radio-	radiation,
re-	again, backward
rect(o)-	rectum
ren(o)-	Of or pertaining to the kidney	Latin (r-nes), kidney	Renal
reticul(o)-	net
retro-	backward, behind		retroverted
rhabd(o)-	rod shaped, striated
rhin(o)-	Of or pertaining to the nose	Ancient Greek , -- (rh-s, rh-no-), nose	Rhinoceros
rhod(o)-	Denoting a rose-red color	Ancient Greek -- (rhódon), rose	Rhodophyte
-rrhage	burst forth		Hemorrhage
-rrhagia	rapid flow of blood
-rrhaphy	surgical suturing
-rrhea (AmE)	flowing, discharge		Galactorrhea
-rrhexis	rupture
-rrhoea (BrE)	flowing, discharge		Diarrhoea
rubr(o)-	Of or pertaining to the red nucleus of the brain	Latin (ruber), red	Rubrospinal

S

Prefix/suffix	Meaning	Origin language and etymology	Example(s)
salping(o)-	Of or pertaining to the fallopian tubes	Ancient Greek -, --, (sálpinx, salpingo-) trumpet [literally]	Salpingectomy
sangui-, sanguine-	Of or pertaining to blood	Latin (sanguis, sanguin-), blood	Sanguine
sarco-	muscular, fleshlike	Greek	sarcoma
schist(o)-	split, cleft	Greek (schistos)
schiz(o)-	Denoting something 'split' or 'double-sided'	Ancient Greek; Irregular formation of the verb - (schizein), to cut, split	Schizophrenia
scler(o)-	hardness	Greek	artherosclerosis
scoli(o)-	twisted	Greek (skolios)	scoliosis
-scope	instrument for viewing	Greek	stethoscope
-scopy	use of instrument for viewing		endoscopy
semi-	one-half, partly	Latin
sial(o)-	saliva, salivary gland	Greek (sialon)
sigmoid(o)-	sigmoid, sigmoid colon	Greek
sinistr(o)-	left, left side	Latin
sinus-	Of or pertaining to the sinus	Latin (sinus), a curve, bend, bay	Sinusitis
-sis	condition of	Greek	osteoperosis
sito-	food, grain
somat(o)-, somatico-	body, bodily	Greek
spasmo-	spasm	Greek
sperma-, spermo-, spermato-	semen, spermatozoa	Greek (sperma)
splanchn(i)-, splanchn(o)-	viscera
splen(o)-	spleen		Splenectomy
spondyl(o)-	Of or pertaining to the spine, the vertebra	Greek / , (spóndylos / sphóndylos), the spine	Spondylitis
squamos(o)-	Denoting something as 'full of scales' or 'scaly'	Latin (sq„m“sus), full of scales; scaly	Squama
-stasis	stop, stand	Greek
-staxis	dripping, trickling	Greek
sten(o)-	Denoting something as 'narrow in shape' or pertaining to narrow-ness	Ancient Greek (stenos), narrow; short	Stenography
steth(o)-	Of or pertaining to the upper chest, chest, the area above the breast and under the neck	Ancient Greek (st-thos), chest, cuirass	Stethoscope
stheno-	strength, force, power
stom(a)	mouth	Greek	stomatognathic system
stomat(o)-	Of or pertaining to the mouth	Ancient Greek --, - (stóma, stomat-), mouth	Stomatogastric
-stomy	creation of an opening		colostomy
sub-	beneath	Latin	subcutaneous tissue
super-	in excess, above, superior	Latin	superior vena cava
supra-	above, excessive	Latin	supraorbital vein
sy(l)-, sym-, syn-, sys-	Indicates similarity, likeness, or being together; Assimilates before some consonants: before l to syl-, s to sys-, before a labial to sym-.	Ancient Greek - (syn), with, together	Synalgia, Synesthesia, Syssarcosis

T

Prefix/suffix	Meaning	Origin language and etymology	Example(s)
tachy-	Denoting something as fast, irregularly fast	Ancient Greek -- (tachys), fast, quickly	Tachycardia
-tension, -tensive	blood pressure		Hypertension
thel(e)-, thel(o)-	Of or pertaining to a woman's teat, nipple [uncommon as a prefix]	Ancient Greek - (th„l“), a teat, nipple	Thelephoroid
thely-	Denoting something as 'relating to a woman, feminine'	Ancient Greek -- (th-lys), female, feminine	Thelygenous
therm(o)-	heat
thorac(i)-, thorac(o)-, thoracico-	Of or pertaining to the upper chest, chest; the area above the breast and under the neck	Latin (th„r“x) < Ancient Greek -- (th-rax), chest, cuirass	Thorax
thromb(o)-	Of or relating to a blood clot, clotting of blood	Ancient Greek - (thrómbos), lump, piece, clot of blood	Thrombus, Thrombocytopenia
thyr(o)-	thyroid
-tic	pertaining to
toco-	childbirth
-tome	cutting instrument
-tomy	cutting operation		Cystotomy
tono-	tone, tension, pressure
-tony	tension
top(o)-	place, topical
tox(i)-, tox(o)-, toxico-	toxin, poison		Toxoplasmosis
trache(o)-	trachea
trachel(o)-	Of or pertaining to the neck	Ancient Greek -- (trách-los), neck	Tracheotomy
trans-	Denoting something as moving or situated 'across' or 'through'	Latin (tr-ns), across, through	Transfusion
trich(i)-, trichia, trich(o)-	Of or pertaining to hair, hair-like structure	Ancient Greek -, „(“)- (tríx, trich(o)-), hair	Trichotomy
-tripsy	crushing		Lithotripsy
-trophy	tissue,		Muscular Dystrophy
-trophy	nourishment, development
tympan(o)-	eardrum

U

Prefix/suffix	Meaning	Origin language and etymology	Example(s)
-ula, -ule	small	Latin	Nodule
ultra-	beyond, excessive	Latin
umbilic-	Of or pertaining to the navel, the umbilicus	Latin (umbil-cus), navel, belly-button	Umbilical
ungui-	Of or pertaining to the nail, a claw	Latin (unguis), nail, claw	Unguiform, Ungual
un(i)-	one	Latin (unus)	Unilateral hearing loss
ur(o)-	Of or pertaining to urine, the urinary system; (specifically) pertaining to the physiological chemistry of urine	Ancient Greek -- (ouron), urine	Urology
uri(c)-, urico-	uric acid
urin-	Of or pertaining to urine, the urinary system	Latin („r“na), urine < Ancient Greek -- (ouron), see above.	Uriniferous
uter(o)-	Of or pertaining to the uterus or womb	Latin (uterus), womb, uterus	Uterus

V

Prefix/suffix	Meaning	Origin language and etymology	Example(s)
vagin-	Of or pertaining to the vagina	Latin (v„g“na), sheath, scabbard	Vagina
varic(o)-	swollen or twisted vein
vas(o)-	duct, blood vessel		vasoconstriction
vasculo-	blood vessel
ven-	Of or pertaining to the (blood) veins, a vein [used in terms pertaining to the vascular system ]	Latin (v-na), blood-vessel, vein	Vein, Venospasm
ventr(o)-	Of or pertaining to the belly; the stomach cavities	Latin (venter), the belly, the stomach; the womb	Ventrodorsal
vesic(o)-	Of or pertaining to the bladder	Latin (v„s“ca), bladder; blister	Vesica
viscer(o)-	Of or pertaining to the internal organs, the viscera	Latin (viscera), internal organs; plural of (viscerum), internal organ	Viscera

X

Prefix/suffix	Meaning	Origin language and etymology	Example(s)
xanth(o)-	Denoting a yellow color, an abnormally yellow color	Ancient Greek (xanthós), yellow	Xanthopathy

Y

Prefix/suffix	Meaning	Origin language and etymology	Example(s)
-y	condition or process of		Surgery

Z

Prefix/suffix	Meaning	Origin language and etymology	Example(s)
zo(o)-	animal, animal life
zym(o)-	fermentation, enzyme

English Meanings

This section contains lists of different root classification (e.g. body components, quantity, description, etc.). Each list is alphabetized by English meanings, with the corresponding Greek and Latin roots given.

Roots of the Body

Roots of Bodily Concepts

Bodily Concept	Greek Root	Latin Root	Other Root
Digestion	-pepsia	-	-
Disease	-pathy	-	-
Eating	-phagia	-	-

Roots of body parts and components

(Internal Anatomy, External Anatomy, Body Fluids, Body Substances)

Body Part/Component	Greek Root	Latin Root	Other Root
abdomen	lapar(o)-	abdomin-	-
aorta	aort(o)-	aort(o)-	-
arm	brachi(o)-	-	-
armpit	-	axill-	-
artery	arteri(o)-	-	-
back	-	dors-	-
big toe	-	allic-	-
bladder	cyst(o)-	vesic(o)-	-
blood	haemat-, hemat- (haem-, hem-)	sangui-, sanguine-	-
blood clot	thromb(o)-	-	-
blood vessel	angi(o)-	vascul-, vas-	-
body	somat-, som-	corpor-	-
bone	oste(o)-	ossi-	-
bone marrow, marrow	myel(o)-	medull-	-
brain	encephal(o)-	cerebr(o)-	-
breast	mast(o)-	mamm(o)-	-
chest	steth(o)-	-	-
cheek	-	bucc-	-
ear	ot(o)-	aur-	-
eggs, ova	oo-	ov-	-
eye	ophthalm(o)-	ocul(o)-	optic(o) [French]
eyelid	blephar(o)-	cili-; palpebr-	-
face	-	faci(o)-	-
fallopian tubes	sarping(o)-	sarping(o)-	-
fat, fatty tissue	lip(o)-	adip-	-
finger	dactyl(o)-	digit-	-
forehead	-	front(o)-	-
gallbladder	cholecyst(o)-	fell-	-
genitals, sexually undifferentiated	gon(o)-, phall(o)-	-	-
gland	aden(o)-	-	-
glans penis or clitoridis	balan(o)-	-	-
gums	-	gingiv-	-
hair	trich(o)-	capill-	-
hand	cheir(o)-, chir(o)-	manu-	-
head	cephal(o)-	capit(o)-	-
heart	cardi(o)-	cordi-	-
hip, hip-joint	-	cox-	-
horn	cerat(o)-	cornu-	-
intestine	enter(o)-	-	-
jaw	gnath(o)-	-	-
kidney	nephr(o)-	ren-	-
knee	gon-	genu-	-
lip	cheil(o)-, chil(o)-	labi(o)-	-
liver	hepat(o)- (hepatic-)	jecor-	-
loins, pubic region	episi(o)-	pudend-	-
lungs	pneumon-	pulmon(i)- (pulmo-)	-
marrow, bone marrow	myel(o)-	medull-	-
mind	psych-	ment-	-
mouth	stomat(o)-	or-	-
muscle	my(o)-	-	-
nail	onych(o)-	ungui-	-
navel	omphal(o)-	umbilic-	-
neck	trachel(o)-	cervic-	-
nerve; the nervous system	neur(o)-	nerv-	-
nipple, teat	thele-	papill-	-
nose	rhin(o)-	nas-	-
ovary	oophor(o)-	ovari(o)-	-
pelvis	pyel(o)-	pelv(i)-	-
penis	pe(o)-	-	-
pupil (of the eye)	cor-, core-, coro-	-	-
rib	pleur(o)-	cost(o)-	-
rib cage	thorac(i)-, thorac(o)-	-	-
shoulder	om(o)-	humer(o)-	-
sinus	-	sinus-	-
skin	dermat(o)- (derm-)	cut-, cuticul-	-
skull	crani(o)-	-	-
stomach	gastr(o)-	ventr(o)-	-
testis	orchi(o)-, orchid(o)-	-	-
throat (upper throat cavity)	pharyng(o)-	-	-
throat (lower throat cavity/voice box])	laryng(o)-	-	-
thumb	-	pollic-	-
tooth	odont(o)-	dent(i)-	-
tongue	gloss-, glott-	lingu(a)-	-
toe	dactyl(o)-	digit-	-
tumour	cel-, onc(o)-	tum-	-
ureter	ureter(o)-	ureter(o)-	-
urethra	urethr(o)-, urethr(a)-	urethr(o)-, urethr(a)-	-
urine, urinary System	ur(o)-	urin(o)-	-
uterine tubes	sarping(o)-	sarping(o)-	-
uterus	hyster(o)-, metr(o)-	uter(o)-	-
vagina	colp(o)-	vagin-	-
vein	phleb(o)-	ven-	-
vulva	episi(o)-	vulv-	-
womb	hyster(o)-, metr(o)-	uter(o)-	-
wrist	carp(o)-	carp(o)-	-

Roots of Color

Color	Greek Root in English	Latin Root in English	Other Root
black	melano-	nigr-	-
blue	cyano-	-	-
gray, grey	polio-	-	-
green	chlor(o)-	vir-	-
purple	porphyr(o)-	purpur-, purpureo-	-
red	erythr(o)-, rhod(o)-	rub-, rubr-	-
red-yellow	cirrh(o)-	-	-
white	leuc-, leuk-	alb-	-
yellow	xanth(o)-	flav-	jaun - [French]

Roots of Description

[Size, Shape, Strength, etc.]

Description	Greek Root in English	Latin Root in English	Other Root
bad, incorrect	cac(o)-, dys-	mal(e)-	-
bent, crooked	ankyl(o)-	prav(i)-	-
big	mega-, megal(o)-	magn(i)-	-
biggest	megist-	maxim-	-
broad, wide	eury-	lat(i)-	-
cold	cry(o)-	frig-	-
dead	necr(o)-	mort-	-
equal	is(o)-	equ(i)-	-
false	pseud(o)-	fals(i)-	-
female, feminine	thely-	-	-
flat	platy-	plan(i)-	-
good, well	eu-	ben(e)-

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