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The Book of Arda Viraf is a Zoroastrian religious text of Sassanid era in Middle Persian language,contains about 8,800 words[1]. It describes the dream-journey of a devout Zoroastrian (the 'Viraf' of the story) through the next world. Due to the ambiguity inherent to Pahlavi script, 'Viraf' (the name of the protagonist) may also be transliterated as 'Wiraf', 'Wiraz' or 'Viraz'.[2] The 'Arda' of the name is an epithet of Viraf and is approximately translatable as "truthful" or "righteous."
Textual History
The date of the book is not known, but in The Sacred Books and Early Literature of the East, Prof. Charles Horne assumes that it was composed fairly late in the ancient history of Zorroastrianism, probably from the period of the Sassanian empire, when Zoroastrianism experienced a state-sponsored revival.[3]
Structure
The text is frequently compared to Dante's Divine Comedy.[citation needed] This book is divided into five sections: Introduction, Journey to Heaven, Heaven, Hell, and an Epilogue.
Plot Summary
Arda Viraf is chosen for his piety to undertake a journey to the next world in order to prove the truth of Zoroastrian beliefs, after a period when the land of Iran had been troubled by the presence of confused and alien religions. He drinks wine and a hallucinogen, after which his soul travels to the next world where it is greeted by a beautiful woman named Den who represents his faith and virtue. Crossing the Chinvat bridge, he is then conducted by "Srosh, the pious and Adar, the angel" through the "star track", "moon track" and "sun track" - places outside of heaven reserved for the virtuous who have nevertheless failed to conform to Zoroastrian rules. In heaven, Viraf meets Ahura Mazda who shows him the souls of the blessed (ahlav). Each person is described living an idealised version of the life he or she lived on earth, as a warrior, agriculturalist, shepherd or other profession.[4] With his guides he then descends into hell to be shown the sufferings of the wicked. Having completed his visionary journey Viraf is told by Ahura Mazda that the Zoroastrian faith is the only proper and true way of life and that it should be preserved in both prosperity and adversity.[5]
Quotes from the Text
- They say that, once upon a time, the pious Zartosht made the religion, which he had received, current in the world; and till the completion of 300 years, the religion was in purity, and men were without doubts.But afterward, the accursed evil spirit, the wicked one, in order to made men doubtful of this religion, instigated the accursed Alexander, the Roman, who was dwelling in Egypt, so that he came to the country of Iran with severe cruelty and war and devastation; he also slew the ruler of Iran,and destroyed the metropolis and empire, and made them desolate.[6]
- Then I saw the souls of those whom serpents sting and ever devour their tongues.And I asked thus: 'What sin was committed by those, whose soul suffers so severe a punishment-' Srosh the pious, and Adar the angel, said, thus: 'These are the souls of those liars and irreverent [or 'untruthful'] speakers who, in the world, spoke much falsehood and lies and profanity.[7]
References and bibliography
See also
Full texts
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Persian literature |
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Classical |
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900s-1000s
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1000s-1100s
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1100s-1200s
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1200s-1300s
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1300s-1400s
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1400s-1500s
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Ubayd Zakani · Salman Sawaji · J„m“ · Kamal Khujandi · Ahli Shirzi (1454-1535) · Fuzûlî (1483-1556) · Baba Faghani Shirzani
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1500s-1600s
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1600s-1700s
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1700s-1800s
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Neshat Esfahani · Forughi Bistami (1798-1857) · Mahmud Saba Kashani (1813-1893)
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| Contemporary Persian and Classical Persian are the same language, but writers since 1900 are classified as contemporary. The above lists include poets mostly of Iranic background but also some of Indic, Turkic and Slavic backgrounds. At one time, Persian was a common cultural language of much of the non-Arabic Islamic world. |
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